wiki:astronomy:observational_astronomy:data_reduction_toa

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wiki:astronomy:observational_astronomy:data_reduction_toa [2025/01/07 13:52] – Roy Proutywiki:astronomy:observational_astronomy:data_reduction_toa [2025/02/05 20:33] (current) – Roy Prouty
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 ===== Data Reduction III: Atmospheric Extinction ===== ===== Data Reduction III: Atmospheric Extinction =====
  
-WRITE THIS+==== Recall the Pogson Equation==== 
 +From the definition of a [[wiki:astronomy:magnitude|magnitude]]
  
-==== Instrument Magnitude ====+$$m_1 - m_2 = -2.5\log_{10}\frac{F_1}{F_2}$$
  
-Now invent an instrument-filter magnitude.+==== Atmospheric Extinction ====
  
-Recall the definition of a [[wiki:astronomy:magnitude|magnitude]]+{{https://slittlefair.staff.shef.ac.uk/teaching/phy217/lectures/principles/l04/files/small_1257.png}}
  
-$$m_1 - m_2 = -2.5\log_{10}\frac{F_1}{F_2}$$+Imagine breaking the vertical extent of the atmosphere up into infinitely many thin, parallel slabs of varying composition and character. As a ray of light enters the atmosphere and traverses some path through these layers, the ray interacts with each layer.
  
-=== Observe that the collection of source #2 terms amounts to some constant ===+The [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer%E2%80%93Lambert_law|Beer-Lambert Law]] gives us the relationship between the intensity of light rays entering a medium and the intensity of the resultant outgoing light rays. If the medium can be characterized with some extinction coefficient $\kappa$ in units of $\frac{\%}{m}$, then the change in intensity for every unit length of the medium traversed is $\Delta{I} = - \kappa I(x=0)\cdot \Delta{x}$, where $I(x=0)$ can be taken as the intensity of the light ray as it enters the medium.\\ \\ 
  
-By properties of logarithms: $$m_1 - m_2 = -2.5\log_{10}F_1 - 2.5\log_{10}F_2$$+In differential form, and allowing for $\kappa$ to depend on vertical location: 
 +$$\frac{dI}{dx} = -\kappa(x)I(x)$$
  
-Grouping all source #2 terms: $$m_1 = -2.5\log_{10}F_1 + (m_2 - 2.5\log_{10}F_2)$$+In the diagram above, you can see that any angle relative to zenith ($z$) actually forces the light ray to traverse a longer path through the atmosphere by a factor of $\sec{(z)}$. So the Beer-Lambert Law tells us that the differential amount of intensity lost to the extinctive character of the layers of the atmosphere is: 
  
-Identify $m_2 - 2.5\log_{10}F_2 = C$ as an arbitrary constant. $$m = -2.5\log_{10}F + C$$+$$dI = -\kappa(x)I(x)\sec{(z)}dx$$
  
-==== Atmospheric Extinction ====+From here, we can note that $\frac{dI}{I} = d\ln{I}$. We will integrate over the path of the light ray: From the top of the atmosphere ($T$) to the bottom of the atmosphere, i.e., the ground ($B$).
  
-{{https://slittlefair.staff.shef.ac.uk/teaching/phy217/lectures/principles/l04/files/small_1257.png}}+Rearrange: 
 +$$d\ln{I} = -\kappa(x)\sec{(z)}dz$$ 
 +Integrate: 
 +$$\int_T^Bd\ln{I} = \int_T^B-\kappa(x)\sec{(z)}dx$$ 
 +We are left with: 
 +$$\ln{I(x=T)} - \ln{I(x=B)} = -\sec{(z)}\int_T^B\kappa(x)dx$$ 
 +Note that the $\int_T^B\kappa(x)dx$ cannot be known without careful (likely *in situ*) measurements. So let's just call this $K$. 
 +$$\ln{I(x=T)} - \ln{I(x=B)} = -\sec{(z)}K$$ 
 +By some property of logarithms: 
 +$$\ln{\frac{I(x=T)}{I(x=B)}} = -\sec{(z)}K$$
  
-Imagine breaking the vertical extent of the atmosphere up into infinitely many thin, parallel slabs of varying composition and character. As a ray of light enters the atmosphere and traverses some path through these layers, the ray interacts with each layer.+And so:
  
-The [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer%E2%80%93Lambert_law|Beer-Lambert Law]] gives us the relationship between the intensity of light rays entering a medium and the intensity of the resultant outgoing light rays. If the medium can be characterized with some extinction coefficient $\kappa$ in units of $\frac{\%}{m}$, then the change in intensity for every unit length of the medium traversed is $\Delta{I} = - \kappa I(x=0)\cdot \Delta{x}$, where $I(x=0)$ can be taken as the intensity of the light ray as it enters the medium.\\ \\ +$$\frac{I(x=T)}{I(x=B)} = e^{-\sec{(z)}K}$$
  
-In differential form: +==== Top-Of-Atmosphere Magnitude ==== 
-$$\frac{dI}{dx} = -\kappa(x)I(x)$$+From here, we must trust that $I \propto F$ in some way. See [[wiki:astronomy:radiative_quantities|Radiative Quantities]] if that trust is hard to come by.
  
-----+Given this proportionality, we can say that $I_1$ is the top-of-atmosphere intensity and that $I_2$ is the intensity that we register on our detector (reduced to the top-of-telescope) intensity.
  
-Sources+$$m_T - m_B = -2.5\log_{10}\frac{I_T}{I_B}$$
  
-  - [[https://slittlefair.staff.shef.ac.uk/teaching/phy217/lectures/principles/l04/]]+Given the results from above, this means that: 
 +$$m_T - m_B = -2.5\log_{10}e^{-\sec{(z)}K}$$ 
 + 
 +We can clean this up a little algebraically: 
 + 
 +$$m_T - m_B = -2.5(-\sec{(z)}K\cdot\log_{10}e)$$ 
 + 
 +$$m_T - m_B = 2.5\sec{(z)}K\cdot\log_{10}e$$ 
 + 
 +$$m_T = 2.5\sec{(z)}K\cdot\log_{10}e + m_B$$ 
 + 
 +So here is the work-up for the top-of-atmosphere magnitude based on $m_B$, $\sec{(z)}$, & $K$.\\ 
 +  - $m_B$ is the top-of-telescope instrument magnitude. 
 +  - $\sec{(z)}$ is the secant of the angle between zenith and the observed source 
 +  - $K$ is the atmosphere-integrated extinction 
 + 
 +The first two are easy (ish) ! That last one, the atmosphere-integrated extinction is less easy. It must be derived either from measurements of the layer-by-layer extinction coefficient and numerically integrated OR we must find some way to measure the atmosphere-integrated extinction itself. 
 + 
 +==== Measuring Atmospheric Extinction ==== 
 + 
 +Take a look at the final result from above again: 
 +$$m_T = 2.5\sec{(z)}K\cdot\log_{10}e + m_B$$ 
 +Choose to rearrange this in the form of a standard $y=mx+b$ linear form with $m_B$ as the dependent variable: 
 +$$m_B = -K\Biggl(2.5\sec{(z)}\cdot\log_{10}e\Biggr) + m_T$$ 
 +With this, we can see that on a graph of $m_B$ vs $2.5\sec{(z)}\cdot\log_{10}e$, the magnitude of the slope will be $K$ and the y-intercept will be $m_T$.\\ \\ 
 + 
 +Therefore, in order to measure $K$, we must observe a source for which $m_T$ is constant throughout the session and we must observe this source at a variety of zenith-angles, $z$. The top-of-telescope instrument magnitudes resulting from enough observations at differing zenith angles should trace a line. A fit to that line will result in a y-intercept of the top-of-atmosphere magnitude for the observed source and a slope that can serve as a reasonable estimate of the atmosphere-integrated extinction.\\ \\ 
 + 
 +It's important to to note that the source we aim to understand as a part of the overall observing stands to be different from the source we observe to measure the extinction. Further, the source we observe to measure extinction should be non-variable in nature and appear in the same region of the sky as the source in question. This source we observe the measure extinction should be called the "extinction star". 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 +----
  
-{{tag>[not-done]}}+{{tag>[done]}}