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--- wiki:observational_astronomy:observational_astronomy [2023/11/11 14:07] – Roy Prouty
+++ wiki:observational_astronomy:observational_astronomy [Unknown date] (current) – removed - external edit (Unknown date) 127.0.0.1
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-====== Observational Astronomy ======
-===== Angles on the Sky =====
-===== Pixel Size and Pitch =====
-===== Focal Speeds/Ratios =====
-===== Telescope Limits =====
-==== Diffraction ====
-==== Seeing ====
-==== Focus ====
-==== Guide ====
-==== Magnitude ====
-===== Sky Brightness =====
-===== Gain =====
-===== Brightness =====
-===== Types of Frames =====
-===== Science Images =====
-A //science image// or //science frame// is a light frame that has been calibrated to account for optical system and detector contributions or non-uniformities as well as to the top-of-atmosphere. For us, a science frame is a frame whose counts have been calibrated such that all of the counts present in the frame are thought to be proportional to the amount of spectral energy received from the source over the integration time if there were no atmosphere. It is from these frames that you can estimate most physical quantities.\\ \\
-Though they are often necessary, the [[wiki:observational_astronomy:science_image|generation of a science image]] for our purposes does not include astrometric calibration.
-===== Measurements =====
-[[wiki:observational_astronomy:what_do_we_measure:Spectral Flux]]
-[[wiki:observational_astronomy:what_do_we_measure:Magnitudes]]
-----
-Sources
-  - http://www.vikdhillon.staff.shef.ac.uk/teaching/phy217/instruments/phy217_inst_photcal.html
-  - https://www.baader-planetarium.com/en/blog/gain-and-offset-darks-flats-and-bias-at-cooled-cmos-cameras/
-  - https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/astronomy/observatory/reduction_guide.pdf
-  - https://owd.tcnj.edu/~pfeiffer/AST261/AST261Chap11,Phot.pdf
-  - https://ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/phys/particle-physics/quanz-group-dam/documents-old-s-and-p/Courses/vp-asl-astro/tortorelli_data_reduction_steps.pdf
-  - https://image-analysis.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html
-  - https://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse567-11/ftp/imgsens/
-  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depletion_region
-  - https://www.photonics.com/Articles/Photon-Counting_CMOS_Sensors_Extend_Frontiers_in/a67740
-  - https://www.mssl.ucl.ac.uk/www_detector/ccdgroup/optheory/ccdoperation.html
-  - https://www.princetoninstruments.com/products/cosmos-family/cosmos/app-notes/advanced-cmos-detectors-for-astronomy
-  - https://starlink.eao.hawaii.edu/docs/sc5.htx/sc5se4.html#:~:text=The%20CCD%20is%20placed%20in,stored%20for%20later%20read%2Dout.
-  - https://physicsworld.com/a/advanced-cmos-detectors-enable-next-generation-astronomy/
-  - https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/686472/how-does-a-cmos-image-sensor-manage-to-read-and-record-all-the-pixel-values-any
-  - https://www.brown.edu/research/labs/mittleman/sites/brown.edu.research.labs.mittleman/files/uploads/lecture04.pdf